Sudan is a country with a long and complex history, shaped by ancient civilizations, colonial rule, and decades of political struggle. After gaining independence in 1956, Sudan experienced repeated conflicts, including civil wars that eventually led to the separation of South Sudan in 2011. In recent years, hopes for a civilian-led transition emerged following the 2019 revolution, but these were disrupted by military power struggles. Since April 2023, violent conflict between the Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF) and the Rapid Support Forces (RSF) has led to a devastating humanitarian crisis, displacing millions and severely impacting access to food, healthcare, and safety. The situation has been further complicated by the involvement of regional and international actors, with reports and concerns around external support contributing to the continuation of the conflict.

Sudan’s history is marked by resilience and complexity, from ancient civilizations to decades of political upheaval following independence in 1956. After a hopeful revolution in 2019, the country’s transition to civilian rule was disrupted, and since April 2023, a violent conflict between the Sudanese Armed Forces and the Rapid Support Forces has led to widespread displacement and a deep humanitarian crisis. The situation is further complicated by the involvement of regional and international actors.